利用者:DeatonWhiting296

A pc murah laptop personal computer or just laptop (also pc or notebook) may be a tiny mobile personal computer, usually weighing from one to three kilograms, betting on size, materials and alternative factors.

While the terms "laptop" and "notebook" are typically used interchangeably, "laptop" is that the older term, introduced in 1983 with the Gavilan SC. "Notebook computer" is a later coinage, which was used to differentiate smaller devices such as those of the Compaq LTE series in 1989, which were, in distinction to previous laptops, the approximate size of an A4 paper sheet.[1] Either term is usually used improperly: as a result of heat and other problems, several laptops are inappropriate to be used on one's lap, and most don't seem to be the size of an A4 sheet. Although, some older portable computers, such as the Macintosh moveable and bound Zenith TurbosPort models, were generally described as "laptops", their size and weight were too nice for this category.

Laptops usually run on one battery or from an external AC/DC adapter which can charge the battery whereas conjointly supplying power to the computer itself.

An Acer laptop with touchpadAs personal computers, laptops are capable of an equivalent tasks as a desktop computer, although they are usually less powerful for a similar value. They contain elements that are almost like their desktop counterparts and perform constant functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops sometimes have liquid crystal displays and most of them use completely different memory modules for their RAM (for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs). additionally to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also referred to as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse can typically be connected.

Categories Terms typically used for subtypes of laptop computers include:

Ultraportables Laptops with screens generally but 12 inches diagonally and a weight of less than 1.7kg. Their primary audience is typically business travellers, who would like small, light laptops. Ultraportables are typically very expensive and house power-saving CPUs and almost always have integrated graphics. Thin-and-lights Laptops usually weighing in between one.8kg and 2.8kg with a screen size of between twelve and fourteen inches diagonally. Medium-sized laptops These sometimes have screens of 15 - 15.4 inches diagonally and a weight of around 3-3.5kg. they sometimes sacrifice alittle computing power for smaller dimensions and longer battery life, although the length and width are usually determined by the screen size. Desktop replacement computers Powerful laptops meant to be mainly employed in a set location and infrequently dispensed owing to their weight and size; the latter provides more room for powerful parts and a big screen, usually measuring fifteen inches or a lot of. Desktop replacements tend to possess limited battery life, rarely exceeding three hours, as a result of the hardware does not optimize power efficiency. History Before laptop/notebook computers were technically possible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC within the early Seventies.

The komputer murah first commercially offered moveable pc was the Osborne 1 in 1981, that used the CP/M operating system. though it had been large and significant compared to today's laptops, with a tiny CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were ready to take their computer and information with them for the first time. This and different "luggables" were galvanized by what was in all probability the first transportable pc, the Xerox NoteTaker, again developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976; however, solely ten prototypes were built. The Osborne was concerning the dimensions of a portable stitching machine, and importantly could be carried on an advert aircraft. However, it absolutely was unimaginable to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in.

A additional enduring success was the Compaq transportable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which era the IBM notebook computer had become the standard platform. though scarcely more portable than the Osborne machines, and conjointly requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true IBM clone (IBM's own later moveable pc, that arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq[citation needed]).

Another vital machine announced in 1981, although 1st sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. an easy handheld laptop, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a small (120 x 32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD display with 4 lines of text, twenty characters per line text mode, a twenty four column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 kB of RAM (expandable to 32 kB).

However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, during which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. the pc could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma show and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. it absolutely was not IBM-compatible, and its high worth (US$ ten,000) restricted it to specialized applications. However, it had been used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the space Shuttle during the Nineteen Eighties. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned important returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack).

Two alternative noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and also the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 however initial sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first pc to be marketed as a "laptop". it absolutely was conjointly equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and also the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, though primarily running their own system software. both had LCD displays, and will connect with optional external printers.

The year 1983 conjointly saw the launch of what was in all probability the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic eighty five, that owed a lot of to the planning of the previous Epson HX-20. though it was initially a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, which saw its potential and marketed it respectively as TRS-80 Model a hundred line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.[2] The machines ran on customary AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, as well as a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and are thought to possess been written in part by Bill Gates himself. the pc wasn't a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen higher than a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it absolutely was a highly transportable communications terminal. as a result of its portability, sensible battery life (and easy replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as very little as US$ 300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed but two kg with dimensions of thirty × twenty one.5 × 4.5 cm (12 × 8.5 × 1.75 inches). Initial specifications included eight kilobyte of RAM (expandable to 24 kB) and a three MHz processor. The machine was actually concerning the size of a paper notebook, however the term had nevertheless to return into use and it had been typically described as a "portable" computer.

Among the primary industrial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM pc Convertible, introduced in 1986, and two Toshiba models, the T1000 and T1200, introduced in 1987. although restricted floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in read-only memory, the Toshiba models were small and lightweight enough to be carried during a backpack, and will be escape lead-acid batteries. These additionally introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the pc can be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted anytime.

The first laptops successful on a massive scale came in large half owing to an invitation For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over two hundred,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and the major pc companies of the time; IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith knowledge Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark alter the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, twin floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCD battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20MB onerous disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988.

ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo within the style and producing of those laptops. This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a significant brand and an Asian OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). At the time, Compaq, IBM, Toshiba, NEC, etc. all designed and manufactured their own machines. However, when the success of the ZDS providing alternative relationships, like Compaq and Citizen, soon followed. At now the standard of Japanese engineering and producing in conjunction with the strength of the dollar relative to the yen (typically concerning one hundred thirty Yen = $1) drove most brands to suppliers in Japan. companies like Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio were all heavily concerned in this business as OEMs. However, by the mid-1990s a weakening dollar and also the rising viability of Taiwanese OEMs like Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, and Chicony lead the supply base to rapidly shift from Japan to Taiwan. Additionally, brands that were more nimble and relied less on internal engineering like Gateway, Dell and Micron began to rise quickly to leadership positions. combinations like Dell/Compal and Gateway/Quanta eventually became powerhouse partnerships and greatly contributed to the prominence of Taiwanese OEMs as the center of pc producing from about 1995 onward.

Another notable laptop was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. concerning the scale of an A4 sheet of paper additionally, it ran on customary batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the longer term miniaturization of the transportable computer; and, as a ROM-based machine with atiny low show, will -- like the TRS-80 Model one hundred -- even be seen as a forerunner of the private digital assistant.

By the end of the Nineteen Eighties, laptop computers were becoming in style among business people. The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the primary notebook computer, weighing simply over two kg; in lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a two megabyte RAM drive, however this reduced its utility similarly as its size. the primary notebook computers to incorporate exhausting drives were those of the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the tip of that year. truly the scale of a notebook, they conjointly featured backlit displays with CGA resolutions (though not CGA colors).

The Macintosh moveable, Apple's initial attempt at a battery-powered computerThe first Apple laptop machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh transportable (although an LCD screen had been an choice for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). really a "luggable", the Mac portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, however was a poor seller thanks to its bulk. within the absence of a true Apple laptop, many compatible machines like the Outbound Laptop were offered for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to provide a group of Mac ROMs, that sometimes meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh furthermore.

The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are currently de facto standards on laptops, such as the placement of the keyboard, room for palm rest, and therefore the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). the following year, IBM released its Thinkpad 700C, featuring a similar style (though with a particular red TrackPoint pointing device).

Later PowerBooks introduced the primary 256-color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and initial true touchpad, first 16-bit sound recording, and first built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).

The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point within the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows ninety five. it had been the primary time that Microsoft had placed much of the facility management control within the operating system. before this time every brand used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery lifetime of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial within the eyes of notebook designers as a result of it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing bound aspects of notebook design. Windows ninety five also ushered within the importance of the CD-ROM in mobile computing and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor because the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the primary notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. By additionally that includes a removeable arduous disk drive and floppy drive it had been the primary three-spindle (optical, floppy, and laborious disk drive) personal computer. The Gateway Solo was very successful inside the consumer phase of the market. In roughly constant time amount the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM Thinkpad were reaching nice success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the company market.

An laptop murah recent (1997) Micron laptopAs technology improved throughout the Nineties, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased. Correspondingly costs went down. many developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:

Improved battery technology. The significant lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more economical technologies, initial nickel cadmium or NiCD, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion battery and lithium polymer. Power-saving processors. while laptops in 1991 were restricted to the 80286 processor owing to the energy demands of the a lot of powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the particular power desires of laptops, marked the point at which laptop desires were included in CPU style. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to create the SL chipset. it had been more integrated than any previous answer although its price was higher. it absolutely was heavily adopted by the most important notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset that used an equivalent design. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach because it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also employed in LCD manufacturing) and this initially restricted the amount of corporations capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to a lot of standard chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has always been the problem in upgrading the processor that could be a common attribute of desktops. Intel did try and solve this problem with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a typical module upon that the CPU and external cache memory might sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the manufacturing process some, and was conjointly employed in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties because the CPU may be added to the chassis once it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a couple of generations but ultimately could not maintain the suitable speed and information integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. Improved liquid crystal displays, in particular active-matrix TFT (Thin-Flim Transitor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs liable to serious shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some transportable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for a few time although their viewing quality was poor. By regarding 1991, two new color LCD techologies hit the mainstream market in a very huge way; dual STN and TFT. the twin STN screens solved many of the viewing issues of STN at a awfully reasonable value and also the TFT screens offered wonderful viewing quality though initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer a major value advantage over TFT till the mid-90s before the value delta dropped to the point that DSTN was no longer employed in notebooks. improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and could display color with nice accuracy, creating them an appropriate substitute for a traditional CRT monitor. Improved laborious disk technology. Early laptops and portables had solely floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity arduous disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became offered, users might store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the requirements of notebook designers that required smaller, lower power consumption product. As pressure to continue to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. Improved connectivity. Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops created it easier to figure far from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, created laptops as simple to use with peripherals as a desktop pc.

The $100 laptop

A first generation prototype of the $100 laptop In 2005, college members from the MIT Media Lab as well as Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop and therefore the One Laptop Per child project. The aim is to design, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently inexpensive to provide every kid within the world access to information and trendy varieties of education. The laptops are to be sold to governments and issued to kids by faculties. These equipments, of that several prototypes have already been presented, are rugged, Linux-based, and so energy efficient that a hand-cranking dynamo will alone give sufficient power for operation (although this hand-crank has since been removed). Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking is also used to allow many machines to share a single net connection.